中国国际贸易促进委员会共同海损理算暂行规则(附英文)
中国国际贸易促进委员会
中国国际贸易促进委员会共同海损理算暂行规则(附英文)
（简称北京理算规则）
为了在平等互利的基础上，正确地进行共同海损理算，以增强各国人民的友好关系，促进国际贸易与海洋运输的发展，中国国际贸易促进委员会制定本暂行规则，并设立海损理算处。
第一条 共同海损的范围
在海上运输中，船舶和货物等遭遇自然灾害、意外事故或其他特殊情况，为了解除共同危险，采取合理措施所引起的下列特殊损失和合理的额外费用，属于共同海损：
一、为了抢救船舶和货物等而造成的船、货等合理损失。
二、船舶驶入避难港的额外费用，在避难港额外停留期间的港口费用，以及事后载有原货物驶出的额外费用。
三、船舶由于驶往避难港而延长航程和在避难港额外停留期间支付的船员工资和给养，以及消耗的燃料和物料的费用。
四、救助费用、抢卸和重装货物等的费用以及其他额外费用。
由于本航程中的意外事故，为了安全地完成航程必须修理时，船舶在修理港合理停留期间必须支付的港口费用、船员工资和给养、消耗的燃料和物料费用，以及由于修理而卸载、重装和移动船上货物等所引起的费用和损失，在当前情况下可列入共同海损。
为了节省原应列入共同海损的费用而支付的费用，可以作为代替费用列入共同海损，这些费用，除经船、货双方同意的以外，不得超过被节省的费用。
除以上三款所列的损失和费用外，其他一切间接损失，包括由于迟延所引起的一切损失和费用，都不属于共同海损。
第二条 共同海损理算的原则
进行共同海损理算的原则是：在调查研究的基础上，明确责任，实事求是、公平合理地处理各项损失和费用的补偿和分摊。
提出共同海损理算要求的一方和其他有关各方，有举证的责任，证明其提出的损失或费用根据本规则的规定可列入共同海损。
对作为共同海损提出理算的案件，如果构成案件的事故确系运输契约一方不能免责的过失所引起，则不进行共同海损理算，但可根据具体情况，通过协商另作适当处理。
第三条 共同海损损失金额的计算
船舶、货物和运费的共同海损损失金额，按照下列标准计算：
一、船舶的损失金额，按照损失部分实际支付的合理修理费用（包括临时性修理费用、合理扣减后的换新费用）计算。如果船舶损失部分尚未进行修理，则按必要修理的合理估计费用计算。燃料、物料等损失按实际价值计算。
二、货物的损失金额，按照损失部分的到岸价格，减除由于损失无需支付的运费。如果遭受损失的残货已经出售，而受损程度无法确定，则按该货物的到岸价格与出售净得金额之间的差额计算。
三、运费的损失，按照货物遭受损失而引起的运费损失金额，减除由于损失无需支付的营运费用计算。
第四条 共同海损的分摊
共同海损的损失和费用，由各受益方根据各自的分摊价值比例分摊。
分摊价值按照下列标准计算：
一、船舶分摊价值，按照船舶在航程终止时的当地完好价值减除不属于共同海损的损失金额计算；或按照船舶在航程终止时的当地实际价值加上共同海损的损失金额计算。
二、货物分摊价值，按照货物的到岸价格，减除不属于共同海损的损失金额和承运人承担风险的运费计算。
未经申报的货物或谎报的货物，应按实际价值参加分摊；如果这些货物遭受损失，不得列入共同海损。
旅客行李和个人物品，除特殊情况外，不参加共同海损分摊。
三、运费分摊价值，按照承运人承担风险并于事后收得的运费，根据共同海损事故发生时尚未完成的航程，作相应比例的扣减，加上列入共同海损的运费损失金额计算。
第五条 利息和手续费
对共同海损的损失和费用，给予年利百分之七的利息。利息计算至共同海损理算书编就之日为止。
对垫付的共同海损费用，除船员工资、给养、燃料、物料外，给予百分之二的手续费。
第六条 共同海损担保
为了保证分摊共同海损，经有关方的要求，各分摊方应提供共同海损担保。共同海损担保，可以提供可靠的担保函，也可以提供保证金。如果提供保证金，除各有关方另有协议者外，应交由理算处以保管人的名义存入银行。保证金的使用，由理算处决定。保证金的提供、使用或退还，不影响各分摊方的最终分摊责任。
第七条 共同海损时限
为了维护各有关方的利益，尽快完成共同海损案件的理算，各有关方在共同海损事故发生后应及时办理必要的事项，并按照下列期限宣布共同海损和向理算处提供有关材料：
一、宣布共同海损：船舶在海上发生事故，不迟于到达第一个港口后的四十八小时；船舶在港内发生事故，不迟于事故发生后的四十八小时。
二、提供有关材料：有关共同海损事故和损失的证明材料，在有关方收到后一个月以内，但全部材料不迟于航程结束后一年。
如有特殊情况，在上述期限内向理算处提出理由，经理算处同意，可以适当延长。
如果有关方不按上述规定办理，理算处可以根据情况，不予理算；或根据已有材料进行理算。
第八条 共同海损理算的简化
为了减轻各有关方的负担，提高工作效率，共同海损理算应尽量简化，避免繁琐的手续和计算；理算书应力求简明扼要，便于执行。
对于案情简单的案件，可以作简易理算。
对于共同海损金额较小的案件，经征得主要有关方的同意，可以不进行理算。
INTERIM RULES FOR GENERAL AVERAGE ADJUSTMENT OF THE CHINA COUNCIL FPROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (KNOWN AS BEIJING RULES FORADJUSTMENT, FOR SHORT)
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版). 当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM RULES FOR GENERAL AVERAGE ADJUSTMENT OF THE CHINA COUNCIL FOR THE
PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE KNOWN AS BEIJING RULES FOR
ADJUSTMENT, FOR SHORT
(Promulgated on January 1, 1975)
With a view to dealing properly with general average adjustment on the
basis of equality and mutual benefit so as to enhance friendly relations
among peoples of different countries and promote the development of
international trade and marine transport, the China Council for the
Promotion of International Trade has formulated the present Interim Rules
and set up the Department for Average Adjustment.
Article 1 Scope of general average.
The following extraordinary loss of damage and reasonable extra expenses
arising from measures properly taken for relieving a ship, cargo, etc.
from common danger caused by natural calamities, accidents and/or other
extraordinary circumstances in marine transport shall fall within the
scope of general average:
1. loss of damage reasonably caused to the ship, cargo, etc. for rescuing
the same from danger;
2. extra expenses incurred by the ship for entering a port of refuge, port
charges incurred during the extra period of the ship's staying in a port
of refuge and extra expenses for the ship's leaving the port of refuge
subsequently with her original cargo;
3. crew's wages and maintenance incurred as well as fuel and stores
consumed during the prolongation of the voyage occasioned by the ship
proceeding to a port of refuge and during the extra period of the ship's
stay in a port of refuge;
4. salvage expenses, expenses for forced discharge and reloading of the
cargo, etc. and other extra expenses.
Where the ship needs repairs for the safe completion of the voyage in
consequence of damage caused by an accident during the voyage, the port
charges, crew's wages and maintenance and fuel and stores necessarily
incurred or consumed during the reasonable period of detention of the ship
in the port of repair, as well as the expenses and loss or damage arising
from such discharging, reloading and handling on board of the cargo, etc.
as are required for the repairs, may under the present circumstances be
admitted as general average.
Where any expense is incurred to save another expense which would have
been admissible in general average, such expense may be allowed in general
average as a substituted expenses. Unless otherwise agreed upon by and
between the ship and cargo interests, the amount so allowable shall not
exceed the amount of the expense saved. With the exception of loss or
damage and expenses referred to in the above three paragraphs, any other
indirect loss, including loss or damage and expenses through delay, shall
not fall within the scope of general average.
Article 2 Principle of adjusting general average.
The principle of general average adjustment is the ascertainment of
liability on the basis of investigation and study and dealing with the
compensation for and contribution to various losses and expenses fairly,
reasonably and in a truth-seeking way.
The onus of proof shall be upon the party applying for general average
adjustment as well as the other parties concerned to show that their
respective loss or damage and expenses claimed for are allowable as
general average according to the provisions of the Rules.
If the event giving rise to a claim submitted for adjustment as general
average is due to a fault of one of the parties to the contract of
affreightment, for which he is not entitled to exemption from liability,
no general average adjustment shall be proceeded with, but the case may be
otherwise appropriately dealt with through consultation according to the
circumstances involved.
Article 3 Computation of amount of general average loss or damage.
The amount to be admitted as general average for loss or damage to the
ship, cargo and freight shall be computed on the following basis:
1. The amount allowable for loss or damage to the ship shall be computed
in accordance with the actual reasonable cost of repairing such damage,
including cost of temporary repairs and of replacements subject to
reasonable deductions in respect of "wear and tear" Where no repairs have
been effected, computation shall be made in accordance with the reasonably
estimated cost of necessary repairs. The amount allowable for loss of or
damage to fuel and stores, etc. shall be computed on the basis of their
actual values.
2. The amount allowable for loss of or damage to the cargo shall be
computed on the basis of the CIF value, less the freight which would have
been incurred but for such loss or damage. Where the cargo so damaged is
sold and it is impossible to ascertain the extent of the damage, the
amount shall be computed on the basis of the difference between the CIF
value and the net proceeds of sale.
3. The amount allowable for loss of freight shall be computed on the basis
of the freight lost owing to the loss of, or damage to, the cargo, less
the operating costs of the ship, which would have been incurred but for
such loss of damage.
Article 4 Contribution to general average.
General average loss or damage and expenses shall be contributed to by the
benefited interests in proportion to their respective contributory values.
The contributory value shall be computed on the following basis:
1. The contributory value of the ship shall be computed either in
accordance with the value of the ship in sound condition at the time and
place of the termination of the voyage, less the amount of loss or damage
not allowable in general average, or in accordance with the actual net
value of the ship at the time and place of the termination of the voyage,
plus the amount allowable in general average.
2. The contributory value of the cargo shall be computed on the basis of
the CIF values, less the amount of loss or damage not allowable in general
average and the freight at the risk of the carrier.
Undeclared or falsely declared cargo shall contribute on the actual value,
but loss of or damage to such cargo, if any, shall not be admitted as
general average. Passengers' luggage and personal effects shall not
contribute to general average except under extraordinary circumstances.
3. The contributory value of the freight shall be computed on the basis of
the freight at the risk of the carrier and subsequently earned, subject to
a deduction corresponding to the extent of the voyage still uncompleted at
the time of the accident giving rise to general average, plus the amount
of loss of freight allowable in general average.
Article 5 Interest and commission.
Interest shall be allowed on general average loss or damage and expenses
at the rate of 7% per annum until the date of the completion of the
general average adjustment.
A commission of 2% shall be allowed on general average expenses other than
crew's wages and maintenance and fuel and stores.
Article 6 General average security.
The contributing parties shall, at the request of the parties concerned,
provide a security to ensure the contribution to general average. Such
security may be in the form of a reliable letter of guarantee or a cash
deposit. Where a cash deposit is provided, the same shall be paid into an
account in a bank in the name of the Department for Average Adjustment
unless otherwise agreed upon by and between the parties concerned. Any use
of the cash deposit shall be decided by the Department for Average
Adjustment. The provision, use and refund of the cash deposit shall be
without prejudice to the ultimate liability of the contributing parties.
Article 7 Time limit of general average.
For the purpose of safeguarding the interests of all parties concerned and
completing the adjustment of general average as promptly as possible, all
parties shall, upon the occurrence of the accident giving rise to general
average, do everything necessary in time and declare general average and
provide the Department for Average Adjustment with relevant materials
within the following time limits:
1. Declaration of General Average
Within 48 hours upon the ship's arrival in the first port after the
accident, if it has occurred at sea, or within 48 hours after the
accident, if it has occurred in a port.
2. Provision of relevant materials For documentary evidence pertaining to
the occurrence of general average and general average loss or damage,
within one month after receipt thereof by the claiming party, but all
materials shall in any case be provided within one year of the completion
of the voyage.
In case of extraordinary circumstances the above time limits may be
appropriately extended, provided a reason for extension has been given
within the respective time limits to the Department for Average Adjustment
and its approval obtained. In case of failure to observe the above
stipulations on the part of any of the parties concerned, the Department
for Average Adjustment may either decline to proceed with adjustment or
adjust the case on the basis of the materials in its possession.
Article 8 Simplification of adjustment of general average.
With a view to lightening the burden of all parties concerned and
improving working efficiency, the adjustment of general average shall be
made as simple as possible; unduly complicated procedures and calculations
shall be avoided; adjustment shall be made as clear and concise as
possible and easy to execute.
Summary adjustment may be applied in simple cases.
For cases in which the amount involved is small, adjustment may be
dispensed with if consent has been obtained from the principal parties
concerned.
关于贯彻实施《企业法律顾问管理办法》的通知
国家经贸委办公厅
关于贯彻实施《企业法律顾问管理办法》的通知
1997年6月6日，国家经贸委办公厅
各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市经贸委（经委、计经委），新疆生产建设兵团经委：
《企业法律顾问管理办法》（国家经贸委主任令第2号，以下简称《管理办法》）已经发布。为加强《管理办法》的贯彻实施，现就有关问题通知如下：
一、企业法律顾问制度是市场经济条件下促进企业依法经营管理、有效参加市场竞争和依法维护自身合法权益的一项重要管理制度，是现代企业制度的有机组成部分，也是维护市场经济秩序的一项基本保障措施。发布《管理办法》，对企业法律顾问工作进行必要的规范和引导，有利于进一步推动此项制度的建立和完善。希望各地经贸委把贯彻实施《管理办法》作为深化企业改革的一项重要内容，与转换企业经营机制、建立现代企业制度工作同步推进。
二、各地经贸委要认真指导特大型、大型企业、一部分具备条件的中型企业和现代企业制度试点企业按照《管理办法》的要求，建立并完善本企业的企业法律顾问制度。特别是目前已经确定的135家企业法律顾问工作联系企业，今年内要率先达到《管理办法》提出的要求。
三、建立和推行企业法律顾问执业资格制度，是规范企业法律顾问执业资格、提高企业法律顾问素质、完善企业法律顾问制度的一项重要措施。各地经贸委要把组织实施人事部、国家经贸委和司法部《关于印发〈企业法律顾问执业资格制度暂行规定〉及〈企业法律顾问执业资格考试实施办法〉的通知》（人发〔1997〕26号）及其相关的配套文件，作为一项重要工作认真做好。各地经贸委法规部门要健全机构和充实人员，以保证这项工作的顺利进行。
四、在特大型、大型企业进行设置总法律顾问的试点，是进一步推进企业法律顾问制度建立与完善的客观需要，也是改善企业经营者的人才结构、使企业进一步适应市场机制要求的有益探索。各地经贸委可以选择一些企业法律顾问工作基础比较好、企业积极性比较高的特大型、大型企业先行试点。试点要稳妥进行，并严格掌握总法律顾问的标准和条件。经过一段时间试点后，在认真总结经验的基础上，再指导面上逐步推开。
五、重视培养、选聘和使用好从事企业法律事务工作的人才，是进一步做好企业法律顾问工作的一项重要保证。各地经贸委对此应当给予足够的重视，要指导和帮助企业做好企业法律顾问的培训、知识更新和高素质人才的选拔、培养工作，关心企业法律顾问的使用情况，对普遍性的问题及时研究解决，促进企业法律顾问的总体水平不断提高。当前特别要注重抓好企业法律顾问的职业道德建设，努力塑造一支忠于职守、胜任工作、能成为企业领导人得力参谋和助手的企业法律顾问队伍。
六、在建立与完善企业法律顾问制度的过程中，要注意发挥好企业法律顾问协会的作用。企业法律顾问协会是企业法律顾问的自律性组织，是联结政府与企业、企业法律顾问的桥梁和纽带。实践证明，目前部分省、市已成立的企业法律顾问协会，在推动企业法律顾问工作的深入开展和提高企业法律顾问的业务水平等方面发挥了重要作用。各地经贸委对此要给予重视，积极支持协会的成立，认真指导协会的工作，充分发挥协会在建立与完善企业法律顾问制度中的作用。
